MacArthur's Warblers |
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Five
species of insectivorous wood warblers -- Cape May,
Yellow-rumped, Black-throated Green, Blackburnian, and
Bay-breasted -- were the subject of a classic study of
community ecology (the science of interpreting species
interactions). These species often share the same breeding
grounds in mature coniferous forests. They had been thought
by some ornithologists to occupy the same niche -- in other
words, they appeared to assume identical roles in the same
bird community. These five warblers would thus be an
exception to the ecological rule of competitive exclusion.
The rule states that two species with essentially the same
niche cannot coexist because one will always out-compete and
displace the other. For his doctoral dissertation, the late Robert MacArthur, who became one of the |
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nation's leading ecologists, set out to determine
whether the five species of warblers actually did occupy the
same niche. By measuring distances down from the top and
outward from the trunk of individual spruce, fir, and pine
trees, MacArthur divided the trees into zones and recorded
feeding positions of the different warblers within each. A
record in zone "T3" indicated a bird feeding among the
abundant new needles and buds of the tip of a branch,
between 20 and 30 feet from the top of the tree. A record of
"M3" signified feeding mostly among dead needles at the same
height but in the middle zone of a branch. A record of "B2"
represented a warbler feeding on the bare, lichen-covered
base of a branch. In all, 16 different positions were
distinguished, MacArthur found that each warbler species divided its time differently among various parts of the tree. The Cape May, for instance, stayed mostly toward the outside on the top, the Bay-breasted fed mostly around the middle interior, while the Yellow-rumped moved from part to part more than either of the other two. This is shown in the accompanying diagrams, in which the zones that contained 50 percent of the birds' feeding activity are blackened. MacArthur also recorded details of the warblers' foraging habits and discovered that they differed too. For example, the Cape May warbler hawks flying insects much more often than does the Blackburnian and tends to move vertically rather than horizontally (matching its tendency to remain on the outside of the tree). The Black-throated Green hovers much more than the Bay-breasted, and the more variable Yellow-rumped has the most varied feeding habits. In addition, MacArthur found evidence that food shortage limited the size of the warbler populations. Overall, MacArthur concluded that "the birds behave in such a way as to be exposed to different kinds of food." They also have somewhat different nesting times, and thus the times of their peak food requirements are not the same. They are partitioning a limiting resource -- their supply of insects, and, in the process, occupying different niches. |
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| SEE:
Bird Communities and Competition;
Bird Guilds. Copyright ® 1988 by Paul R. Ehrlich, David S. Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. |
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