The ray trace optical model illustrated

The ray trace model for image formation uses information about the main lens to calculate

* geometric distortion
* relative illumination
* field-height and wavelength-dependent PSF

This script illustrates the ray trace calculation, bringing up an array of figures that show different aspects of the calculation.

The example is based on an aspherical, 2mm lens whose point spread functions were computed in Zemax .

For comparison, the optical image is also computed using diffraction limited methods (shift-invariant). The f# and focal length of the diffraction model are set equal to those of the ray trace lens.

See also: rtGeometry, rtPrecomputePSF, rtPrecomputePSFApply

Copyright ImagEval, LLC, 2005

Contents

ieInit

Set up a wide angle scene for the wide angle lens below

scene = sceneCreate('gridlines',[384 384], 48);
scene = sceneInterpolateW(scene,(550:100:650));  % Small wavelength sample
scene = sceneSet(scene,'hfov',45);
scene = sceneSet(scene,'name','rtDemo-Large-grid');

% Show the grid line scene
sceneWindow(scene);

Import wide angle lens optics.

% Set up default optical image
oi = oiCreate;

% Load in the wide angle lens optics file created by Zemax (zm)
% Does not yet work for zemaxWideAngle from Xin-Yi Pan.  We need to debug!
% opticsFileName = fullfile(isetRootPath,'data','optics','zemaxDoubleGauss.mat');
% opticsFileName = fullfile(isetRootPath,'data','optics','zemaxCookeTriplet.mat');
% opticsFileName = fullfile(isetRootPath,'data','optics','zemaxWideAngle.mat');
% opticsFileName = fullfile(isetRootPath,'data','optics','zemaxFisheye.mat');

% Tested frequently.
opticsFileName = fullfile(isetRootPath,'data','optics','zmWideAngle.mat');

load(opticsFileName,'optics');

% Set the oi with the optics loaded from the file
oi = oiSet(oi,'optics',optics);

% Retrieve it and print its name to verify and inform user
fprintf('Ray trace optics: %s\n',opticsGet(optics,'lensFile'));

Ray trace optics: wideAngle.zmx

Set up diffraction limited parameters to match the ray trace numbers

% Now, match the scene properties
oi = oiSet(oi,'wangular',sceneGet(scene,'wangular'));
oi = oiSet(oi,'wavelength',sceneGet(scene,'wavelength'));

% Match the scene distance and the rt distance.  They are both essentially
% infinite.
scene = sceneSet(scene,'distance',2);  % Two meters - essentially inf
oi    = oiSet(oi,'optics rtObjectDistance',sceneGet(scene,'distance','mm'));

Compute the distortion and show it in the OI

% We calculate in the order of (a) Distortion, (b) Relative
% illumination, and then (c) OTF blurring The function rtGeometry
% calculates the distortion and relative illumination at the same time.
oFOV = oiGet(oi,'optics rt fov');
sFOV = sceneGet(scene,'fov');
fprintf('Optics fov:  %f\n',oFOV);
fprintf('Scene fov:  %f\n', sFOV);
if sFOV > oFOV
    warning('Reducing scene FOV to comply.')
    scene = sceneSet(scene,'hfov',oFOV - 1);
end

% scene = sceneInterpolateW(scene,(550:100:650));  % Small wavelength sample

oi = rtGeometry(oi,scene);

% Copy the resulting data into the optical image structure
oi = oiSet(oi,'name','Geometry only');
oiWindow(oi);

Optics fov:  
Scene fov:  45.000000

Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.
Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.

Precompute the PSF

angStep = 20;   % Very coarse for speed
svPSF    = rtPrecomputePSF(oi,angStep);
oi = oiSet(oi,'psfStruct',svPSF);

% Apply
oi = rtPrecomputePSFApply(oi,angStep);
oi = oiSet(oi,'name','Stepwise-RT');
oiWindow(oi);

Setting up for scene rtDemo-Large-grid
Eccentricity bands: 0.000 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 87.491 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 174.981 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 262.472 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 349.962 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 437.453 (um)
PSF sample grid: 41 by 41
6 eccentricity bands

We choose ray trace by setting the optics method

oi = oiSet(oi,'optics model','ray trace');

% Compute the RT
oi = oiCompute(oi,scene);
oi = oiSet(oi,'name','Automated ray trace');

% Have a look - barrell distortion and all
ieAddObject(oi); oiWindow;

% Here is a horizontal line of illuminance
rtData = oiPlot(oi,'illuminance hline',[1,64]);

Geometric distortion ...
Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.
Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.
Starting with existing PSFs ...
Applying PSFs.
6 eccentricity bands
Done applying PSFs.

Compute using the diffraction-limited method

oiDL   = oiSet(oi,'optics model','diffraction limited');
optics = oiGet(oiDL,'optics');

% Set the diffraction limited f# from the ray trace values
fNumber = opticsGet(optics,'rt fnumber');
optics  = opticsSet(optics,'fnumber',fNumber);
oiDL    = oiSet(oiDL,'optics',optics);

% Now set the method to diffraction limited and compute
oiDL = oiSet(oiDL,'name','DL method');
oiDL = oiCompute(oiDL,scene);

% No barrel distortion, less blurring
oiWindow(oiDL);

% Here is a horizontal line of illuminance
dlData = oiPlot(oiDL,'illuminance hline',[1,64]);

Make the FOV smaller to show the ray trace blurring

% The first calculation was spatially coarse, and inappropriate
% for a geometric calculation such as barrel distortion.
%
% Here, we make the scene smaller and recalculate. With this
% field of view there is no noticeable distortion, but the sample
% spacing is much finer so we can see the various point spread
% functions
%
% At this resolution, the calculation takes a little while.

sceneSmall = sceneSet(scene,'name','rt-Small-Grid');
sceneSmall = sceneSet(sceneSmall,'fov',20);

% Ray trace calculation with distortion and shift-variant blurring
oi = oiCompute(oi,sceneSmall);
oi = oiSet(oi,'name','rt-Small-RT');
oiWindow(oi);

Geometric distortion ...
Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.
Caution: polyfit deg reduced to 6.
Starting with existing PSFs ...
Applying PSFs.
4 eccentricity bands
Setting up for scene rtDemo-Large-grid
Eccentricity bands: 0.000 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 87.491 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 174.981 (um)
Eccentricity bands: 262.472 (um)
PSF sample grid: 95 by 95
Done applying PSFs.

Equivalent diffraction limited

% There is no distortion computed and the scene is small
% This calculation is pretty quick.
oiDL = oiCompute(oiDL,sceneSmall);
oiDL = oiSet(oiDL,'name','rt-Small-DL');
oiWindow(oiDL);

Published with MATLAB® R2024a