The engine is the part of the program that is dedicated to performing the computation of Groebner bases with Buchberger's algorithm. It is coded directly in C++ for speed, and it communicates with the front-end interpreter through a bidirectional stream of bytes, so that in future implementations the engine may reside in a separate process on a distant machine.
The Macaulay 2 engine provides fast polynomial and matrix operations, and Groebner bases, syzygies, Hilbert functions, resolutions and other operations that we feel need to be implemented directly for efficiency reasons.