AJAX

Lecture Notes for CS 142
Winter 2014
John Ousterhout

• Additional reading for this topic:
  • Pages 195-208 of the online supplement to Dynamic HTML: The Definitive Reference, by Danny Goodman.
  • Note: I do not recommend Chapter 12 of The Rails 3 Way: it fairly confusing and introduces topics such as jQuery and Unobtrusive Javascript that are not relevant for this class.

• "Asynchronous Javascript And XML"
• Simple idea:
  • Issue an HTTP request to the server from Javascript without replacing the current page.
  • Process the response with Javascript code in the browser.

• Example:

  xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  xhr.onreadystatechange = xhrHandler;
  xhr.open("POST", url);
  xhr.send(postData);
  ...
  function xhrHandler() {
    if (this.readyState != 4) {
        return;
    }
    if (this.status != 200) {
        // Handle error ...
        return;
    }
    ...
    var text = this.responseText;
  }
  

  • Either GET or POST request (but usually POST: can send more data).
  • Arbitrary request message (typically name-value pairs just like other POSTs).
  • Event-based: sending code returns immediately after calling send.
  • Event handler gets called at various stages in the processing of the request (usually only care about state 4: done).
  • Response available as either raw text or an XML document (for this class, just use raw text).
  • Can set request headers and read response headers.
• For complete details on XMLHttpRequest objects, see the W3C specification: W3C Documentation for XMLHttpRequest.

• AJAX responses tend to be one of the following:
  • HTML to replace the contents of an element.
  • Javascript code to execute.
  • Structured data to be processed by Javascript in the browser:
    • Original design was for this to be XML, but XML not used much for this anymore:
      • Other forms simpler.
      • Slow parsing in the browser.
      • Quirky XML parsers (especially Internet Explorer).
    • Most common form today: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): Javascript string that evaluates to an Object:

      {name: "Alice", gpa: 3.5,
      friends: ["Bill", "Carol", "David"]}
      

    • Used to transport data between server and browser.
    • On server, use to_json method, implemented by Rails for all Objects (e.g. models). For example, to convert a collection of models to JSON and return as result of AJAX request:

      @students = Student.find(:all)
      render :json => @students;
      

      JSON returned in HTTP response:

      [{"advisor_id":"2","birth":"1987-10-22","gpa":3.9,"grad":2009,"id":1,"name":"Anderson"},
       {"advisor_id":"1","birth":"1990-04-16","gpa":3.1,"grad":2012,"id":2,"name":"Jones"},
       {"advisor_id":"1","birth":"1989-08-12","gpa":3.6,"grad":2011,"id":3,"name":"Hernandez"},
       {"advisor_id":"1","birth":"1990-02-04","gpa":3.2,"grad":2011,"id":4,"name":"Chen"}]
      

    • On browser, regenerate Javascript object from AJAX response:

      var students = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
      

    • Browsers optimized to do this quickly.

• Other ways to get AJAX-like behavior:
  • Use Javascript to add a new <script> DOM element:
    • Fetches Javascript and executes it.
    • Can provide parameters in the URL.
    • Can embed data in the response using JSON or HTML.
  • Form posts:
    • Use the target attribute to redirect the POST response to a hidden iframe.

      <iframe name="xyz"></iframe>
      ...
      <form target="xyz"> ... </form>
      

    • Embed Javascript in the response.
    • This approach offers a better solution to the issue of error handling in forms
      • Target all form POST requests to an invisible <iframe> element.
      • If there are errors, return Javascript that displays error messages in the existing page.
      • This is cleaner and more powerful than the Rails approach of re-rendering the form page.
      • In the normal case where the form post succeeds, redirect as usual (but do it by sending back HTML containing Javascript that redirects the main page)
• Alternate style of application design (e.g. Gmail): Javascript-only applications
  • HTML rendering done on the browser rather than the server.
  • Main page for application consists mostly of Javascript.
  • Javascript code uses AJAX to fetch raw data from server, not HTML.
  • Javascript code then renders HTML, adds to DOM.
  • node.js: new framework designed for this style of application.