Appendix 1. Timeline Linking Art,
Technology, and the Study of Birds
1. Rick Bonney coined the term “citizen scientist” in
the 1990s.
2. Numerous sources were of particular help in cre-
ating the timeline. On art and culture the follow-
ing should be mentioned: Chilvers, Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Art and Artists; Elphick, Birds: The Art
of Ornithology; Ford, Images of Science; Hammond,
Modern Wildlife Painting; Jackson, Dictionary of Bird
Artists of the World; Janson, History of Art; Lysaght,
Book of Birds; Olsen, Feather and Brush; Pasquier,
and Farrand, Masterpieces of Bird Art; Pollard, Birds
in Greek Life and Myth; Sitwell, Buchanan, and
Fisher, Fine Bird Books, 1700–1900; Toynbee, Ani-
mals in Roman Life and Art. On science the follow-
ing should be mentioned: Coulson, “Ornithology
and Ornithologists in the Twentieth Century”; Mayr,
“Materials for a History of American Ornithology”;
Stresemann, Ornithology: Aristotle to the Present;
Walters, Concise History of Ornithology.
3. During the whole time the study of birds devel-
oped as a science and birding emerged as a popular
avocation for hundreds of millions nonprofession-
als, artists painted portraits of major innovators,
some of whom were artists themselves. Examples
of artist-scientist polymaths include Frederick II
(1194–1250), John James Audubon (1785–1851),
Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), Thomas Bewick
(1753–1828), John Gould (1804–1881) and Roger
Tory Peterson (1907–1996).
4. Uglow, Lunar Men, xx.
5. Norelli, American Wildlife Painting, 181. Thayer, even
with the assistance of John Singer Sargent in Lon-
don, had di;culty convincing military leaders to
adopt camouflage techniques during World War I.
He has been described as particularly upset that
“the Germans had developed camouflage technique
using [his] theories, before the Allies” would adopt
them. By World War II, reluctance was gone.
6. C. Holden, “Eye in the Sky,” Science 33 (2006):
780–781.
7. For additional information, see, for example, Ehr-
lich, Dobkin, Wheye, and Pimm, Birdwatcher’s
Handbook, 520–530; Ehrlich, Dobkin, and Wheye,
Birder’s Handbook, 363.
Appendix 2. A Science Art Checklist
for Practitioners
1. When the United States joined the Berne Conven-
tion for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
in 1989, multinational copyright protection became
automatic, so inclusion of the notice is optional.
Thus, adding the words “Science Art” or, more spe-
cifically, “Science Art—Nature” or, even more speci-
fically, “Science Art—Birds” to the copyright line
should raise no legal red flags.
2. To see where to insert these words in the metatag
of the Web page you are viewing, go to your brows-
er’s menu bar, pull down the View tab, and click
on Source. A window showing the code [Source]
will appear. At the top you should find cate-
gories with information inserted after them:
<html><head><title> </title><meta http-equiv>
<meta name=“description” content=“ “> <meta
name=“keywords” content=“[A]”><LINK REL></
head>. Using the proper software (Dreamweaver,
BBedit, etc.,) Insert the keywords “Science Art Na-
ture” at [A].
3. In 2007 the authors began contacting many agen-
cies, requesting that the category be considered for
possible future listing. We also began contacting a
core selection of art magazines, including Art Fo-
rum, Art News, Art in America, Artweek, Art Bulle-
tin, Art Newspaper, American Artist, Communication
Art, Print, and Graphics, that are well positioned to
bring attention to Science Art. In addition, we began
contacting the nature and bird organizations spon-
soring the Artist Registry for Ornithological Re-
searchers, which are also well positioned to consider
including the category in future art competitions
and exhibits.
4. When the Artist Registry was launched, the authors
and Paul Ehrlich contacted 800 researchers who had
published bird-related research, 100 journal editors,
100 galleries and museums featuring art that por-
trays nature, and 400 international artists special-
izing in birds and gained nonfunding endorsement
from 16 sponsors, including major ornithological or-
ganizations, natural history and art museums, aca-
demic centers, and major birding and wildlife artist
organizations. The Artist Registry features the work
of more than 100 bird artists.
5. For North American coverage see, for example,
“All About Birds,” at the Cornell University Web
site http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/
BirdGuide/ accessed October 5, 2006; and for global
coverage see Avibase, an extensive database in sev-
eral languages that currently contains more than
2 million records for about 10,000 species and
22,000 subspecies of birds.http://www.bsc-eoc.
org/avibase/avibase.jsp?pg=home&lang=EN&id=
undefined&ts=undefined accessed October 5, 2006.
For information on conservation status see, for ex-
ample, the Threatened and Endangered Species
System (tess) of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice (usfws) at http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/
StartTESS accessed October 5, 2006; and the iucn
Red List at http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed
October 5, 2006). Art timelines include http://
www. metmuseum.org/toah/intro/atr/05sm.htm
(accessed October 5, 2006),;and http://www.xs4all.
nl/~knops/timetab.html (accessed October 5, 2006),
which covers from the Sumerians to 1514. Ornitho-
logical timelines include that of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, which covers 1846 to the present, available
at http://sio.si.edu/History/timeline.cfm (accessed
October 5, 2006); that of Cornell University, avail-
able at http://rmc. library.cornell.edu/ ornithology/
(accessed October 5, 2006);/ (accessed October 5,
2006); and several on the Hexapedia Web site, in-
cluding one on ornithology at http://www.hexafind.
com/ encyclopedia/ Ornithology (accessed October
5, 2006); one on famous ornithologists at http://
www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/ List_of_famous_
ornithologists (accessed October 5, 2006); one on
an ornithological timeline at http://www.hexafind.
com/encyclopedia/Timeline_of_ornithology (ac-
cessed October 5, 2006); and on notable biologists
at http://www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/List_of_
biologists (accessed October 5, 2006).