@article {434,
	title = {Inflammatory Cytokine TNFα Promotes the Long-Term Expansion of Primary Hepatocytes in 3D Culture.},
	journal = {Cell},
	volume = {175},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Nov 29},
	pages = {1607-1619.e15},
	abstract = {In the healthy adult liver, most hepatocytes proliferate minimally. However, upon physical or chemical injury to the liver, hepatocytes proliferate extensively in~vivo under the direction of multiple extracellular cues, including Wnt and pro-inflammatory signals. Currently, liver organoids can be generated readily in~vitro from bile-duct epithelial cells, but not~hepatocytes. Here, we show that TNFα, an injury-induced inflammatory cytokine, promotes the expansion of hepatocytes in 3D culture and enables serial passaging and long-term culture for more than 6~months. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals broad expression of hepatocyte markers. Strikingly, in~vitro-expanded hepatocytes engrafted, and significantly repopulated, the injured livers of Fah mice. We anticipate that tissue repair signals can be harnessed to promote the expansion of otherwise hard-to-culture cell-types, with broad implications.},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.012},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(18)31504-6},
	author = {Peng, WC and Logan, C Y and Fish, M and Anbarchian, T and Aguisanda, F and {\'A}lvarez-Varela, A and Wu, P and Jin, Y and Zhu, J and Li, B and Grompe, M and Wang, B and Nusse, R}
}
