Jan. 12-17: Lexical change

• Read: Ch. 1 and 2 of Trask.
• Assignment 1: due Jan. 14.

1. Borrowing.
   • When and how are words borrowed?
   • Stratification of the lexicon, ``learned'' words.
   • Calques.
   • The phonological treatment of loanwords.
   • The morphological treatment of loanwords.

2. Morphology: how words are formed.
   • Compounding.
   • Derivation.
     • Affixal derivation.
     • Zero derivation.
     • Prosodic morphology: clipping, blending.
     • Back-formation, reanalysis, folk etymology.

   • Invention.

3. Change in word meaning.
   • Lexical semantics.
     • Sense and reference.
     • Semantic blocking.

   • Types and causes of meaning change.
     • Social factors: transfer of usage among social groups.
     • Material changes in referents: words and things.
     • Acquisition.
     • Expressive use of language.

   • The direction of semantic change.
     • Subjectivization.
     • Bleaching, grammaticalization.